Heart Failure and Diabetes Mellitus: Biomarkers in Risk Stratification and Prognostication

Heart failure (HF) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have a synergistic effect on cardiovascular (CV) morbidity mortality in patients with established CV disease (CVD). The aim of this review is to summarize the knowledge regarding discriminative abilities conventional novel biomarkers T2DM HF or at higher risk developing HF. While biomarkers, such as natriuretic peptides high-sensitivity troponins demonstrate high predictive ability reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), not case for preserved (HFpEF). HFpEF heterogeneous variability CVD factors including T2DM, hypertension, renal disease, older age, female sex; therefore, extrapolation traditional population constrained. New biomarker-based approaches are disputed be sufficient improving stratification prediction poor clinical outcomes HFpEF. Novel biomechanical stress, fibrosis, inflammation, oxidative collagen turn-over shown potential benefits determining prognosis regardless peptides, but their role point-to-care routine practice requires elucidation large trials.